BhyravCourt case outcomes are decided by the condition of the sixth house, its lord, and the dasha-transit activation of Saturn, Rahu, and the sixth lord — not by generic "malefic" periods. The sixth house governs litigation, enemies, and disputes; its lord's placement, strength, and aspects determine the native's capacity to fight and win. The eleventh house shows gains through legal verdicts, while the twelfth house indicates losses, settlements, or imprisonment. Saturn as karaka for law, courts, and delay, and Rahu as karaka for manipulation, false cases, and sudden turns, must be examined in both natal and transit positions. The dasha of the sixth lord, eighth lord, or twelfth lord often triggers the case filing, while the antardasha of Saturn, Rahu, or the eleventh lord frequently delivers the judgment. Transit of Saturn over the sixth house, sixth lord, or natal Saturn creates the pressure of proceedings; transit of Jupiter over the eleventh house or eleventh lord can expand the verdict in the native's favor. A strong sixth lord in kendra or trikona with benefic aspect gives victory; a combust, debilitated, or badly placed sixth lord with malefic association leads to defeat or endless appeals.
People get wrong the idea that any Saturn or Rahu dasha automatically brings legal trouble, or that Jupiter transit guarantees a win. They ignore the sixth lord's actual dignity — a sixth lord in own sign or exaltation in the third house gives courage to fight and win, while the same planet debilitated in the twelfth house produces secret enemies and document losses. They overlook the role of the eighth house and its lord in sudden judgments, sealed orders, or death of the opponent. They treat the twelfth house only as loss, missing its signification of settlement, foreign jurisdiction, or hospitalization during trial. They fail to check the navamsha placement of the sixth lord and Saturn, which often reverses the rashi chart promise. They assume the mahadasha lord alone decides, neglecting that the antardasha and pratyantardasha lords must also connect to the sixth, eighth, eleventh, or twelfth houses for the event to fructify.
Which houses, karakas, and combinations decide litigation results
The sixth house is the primary house of litigation. Its lord — the shatru-pati — must be analyzed for sign placement, house placement, nakshatra, and aspects. A sixth lord in the first house makes the native a fighter who initiates cases; in the second house, disputes over wealth, speech, or family assets; in the third house, courage, siblings, or communication-related suits; in the fourth house, property, mother, or land disputes; in the fifth house, speculation, children, or intellectual property; in the sixth house itself (own sign), strong victory over enemies; in the seventh house, partnership, marriage, or open enemy conflicts; in the eighth house, inheritance, insurance, sudden verdicts, or criminal charges; in the ninth house, guru, law, foreign, or religious disputes; in the tenth house, career, reputation, government litigation; in the eleventh house, gains through verdicts, network disputes; in the twelfth house, secret enemies, hospitalization, foreign courts, or settlement. The sixth lord in dusthana (sixth, eighth, twelfth) from itself — meaning sixth lord in eleventh, third, or seventh — creates vipareeta raja yoga for litigation, often giving unexpected wins after initial loss.
Saturn is the primary karaka for courts, judges, law, delay, and karma. Its natal house placement shows the arena of legal karma: Saturn in the sixth gives chronic litigation but eventual victory through persistence; in the eighth, sudden judgments, sealed orders, or death penalty cases; in the tenth, government cases, authority disputes; in the twelfth, imprisonment, foreign courts, or secret settlements. Saturn's aspect (third, seventh, tenth) on the sixth house, sixth lord, or eleventh house binds the outcome to delay and procedure. Rahu is the karaka for false cases, manipulation, forged documents, sudden turns, and out-of-court settlements. Rahu in the sixth gives cunning enemies but also the native's ability to outmaneuver; in the eighth, sudden verdict reversals; in the twelfth, foreign jurisdiction or asylum cases. Ketu in the sixth shows past-life karma with enemies, often giving disinterest in fighting or spiritual resolution. Mars as karaka for aggression, police, and violence matters in criminal cases, assault, or property disputes — its conjunction with sixth lord or Saturn intensifies conflict. Mercury governs documents, contracts, witnesses, and lawyers; afflicted Mercury causes forged papers, perjury, or miscommunication. The Sun represents government, authority, and the judge; a strong Sun in the sixth or eleventh favors government-side verdicts.
The eleventh house and its lord determine the verdict's material gain. Eleventh lord in the sixth gives gains through enemies or litigation; in the eighth, gains through inheritance or insurance after legal battle; in the twelfth, gains through foreign settlement or hospitalization claims. The eleventh lord conjunct or aspected by Jupiter expands the award; aspected by Saturn reduces or delays it. The twelfth house and its lord show the cost of litigation — legal fees, fines, imprisonment, or settlement payouts. Twelfth lord in the sixth gives expenditure on enemies; in the eighth, sudden losses; in the eleventh, gains spent on legal costs. The eighth house and its lord control the moment of judgment — the "death" of the case. Eighth lord in the sixth brings sudden verdicts during enemy periods; in the eleventh, sudden gains from verdict; in the first, the native's life changes through judgment. The combination of sixth lord, eighth lord, and eleventh lord in mutual aspect, conjunction, or parivartana yoga creates a litigation yoga that activates during their dashas.
Specific yogas: Bandhana yoga (imprisonment) forms when Saturn, Rahu, and twelfth lord associate with the ascendant or sixth house without benefic aspect. Vipareeta raja yoga for litigation occurs when the sixth lord is in the eighth or twelfth, or eighth lord in the sixth or twelfth, or twelfth lord in the sixth or eighth — provided the involved planets are not combust or debilitated in navamsha. Sarpa yoga (Rahu-Ketu axis afflicting sixth-eighth-twelfth) gives snake-like cases — prolonged, venomous, with sudden strikes. Guru-chandala yoga (Jupiter-Rahu conjunction) in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth creates cases involving religion, guru, or foreign elements with false allegations. The presence of benefics in the sixth house (Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, waxing Moon) reduces enmity but may indicate the native becomes a lawyer or mediator rather than a litigant. Malefics in the sixth (Sun, Mars, Saturn, Rahu, Ketu) give fighting capacity but also attract cases.
How dasha and transit sequences time the filing, hearing, and judgment
The mahadasha of the sixth lord, eighth lord, twelfth lord, Saturn, or Rahu initiates the litigation window. Within that mahadasha, the antardasha of a planet connected to the sixth, eighth, eleventh, or twelfth house by placement, aspect, lordship, or nakshatra triggers the actual filing or notice. The pratyantardasha of the sixth lord, Saturn, Rahu, or the eleventh lord often marks the first hearing or interim order. For example, Saturn mahadasha with sixth lord antardasha and Saturn pratyantardasha creates a three-layer Saturnine pressure — the case drags, documents pile up, the judge delays. Rahu mahadasha with eleventh lord antardasha and Jupiter pratyantardasha can bring a sudden favorable verdict with monetary gain. The dasha of a planet placed in the sixth house in rashi or navamsha, or aspecting the sixth house, also activates litigation. The dasha of the navamsha dispositor of the sixth lord often times the final judgment because navamsha shows the fruit.
Transit confirms and delivers. Saturn's transit over the natal sixth house, sixth lord, natal Saturn, or the eleventh house creates the procedural grind — hearings adjourned, dates given, evidence recorded. This transit lasts approximately 2.5 years per sign, so the case remains active throughout. Jupiter's transit over the natal eleventh house, eleventh lord, sixth house (as benefic aspect), or natal Jupiter expands the outcome — if the natal promise is victory, Jupiter transit delivers the verdict; if the promise is loss, Jupiter expands the loss or brings a higher appeal. Rahu's transit over the sixth house, sixth lord, or natal Rahu triggers sudden developments — ex-parte orders, witness turning hostile, forged documents surfacing, or out-of-court settlement offers. Ketu's transit over the twelfth house or twelfth lord often coincides with settlement, withdrawal, or spiritual disengagement from the fight. The double transit principle — Saturn and Jupiter simultaneously aspecting the sixth, eleventh, or first house — narrows the judgment window to a few months. The annual solar return (Varshaphala) chart for the year of judgment must show the sixth lord, Saturn, or Rahu connected to the lagna or sixth house of the varshaphala for the event to manifest that year.
The role of the Moon in transit is precise: the Moon's daily transit over the natal sixth house, sixth lord, or the nakshatra of the running dasha lord often marks the exact hearing date or order upload day. The Moon in the sixth house at the time of filing (prashna or muhurta) gives emotional involvement; in the eleventh, hope of gain; in the twelfth, secret settlement talks. The lagna at the time of filing the plaint or receiving the summons becomes the prashna chart — its sixth house, sixth lord, and Moon placement often mirror the natal promise and confirm the timeline. The dashamsha (D-10) chart shows professional reputation impact — sixth lord of D-10 afflicted indicates career damage from the case; eleventh lord of D-10 strong indicates professional vindication. The shastiamsha (D-60) reveals the karmic root — sixth lord of D-60 in bad dignity shows past-life debt being paid through this litigation.
Remedial timing follows the same logic: propitiation of the sixth lord's deity, Saturn shanti, or Rahu shanti must begin before the dasha-antardasha-pratyantardasha alignment peaks. Donation of black sesame, iron, or blue cloth on Saturdays during Saturn transit over the sixth house reduces procedural harassment. Recitation of the sixth lord's mantra (e.g., Mars mantra for Aries sixth lord) during the sixth lord's hora on Tuesdays strengthens fighting capacity. Wearing the gemstone of a strong, benefic eleventh lord (if not afflicted) during Jupiter transit over the eleventh house can amplify gains. But remedies cannot change a natal promise of defeat — they only modulate the experience, reduce delay, or soften the quantum of loss.
Strongest and weakest chart versions for litigation
Strongest version: Sixth lord exalted or in own sign in a kendra (first, fourth, seventh, tenth) or trikona (first, fifth, ninth) from lagna or Moon, aspected by Jupiter or Venus. Eleventh lord in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth — vipareeta raja yoga — giving gains through enemies or sudden verdicts. Saturn in the sixth house in own sign (Capricorn, Aquarius) or exaltation (Libra) — the native outlasts opponents through procedure. Rahu in the third, sixth, or eleventh — cunning strategy, ability to manipulate evidence or jurisdiction. Jupiter in the eleventh house or aspecting the eleventh lord — verdict expands in native's favor. Eighth lord in the sixth with benefic aspect — sudden victory after apparent defeat. Navamsha sixth lord in kendra/trikona, not combust, not in enemy sign — fruit matches promise. Dasha sequence: sixth lord mahadasha, eleventh lord antardasha, Jupiter pratyantardasha — judgment delivered with gain. Transit: Saturn over eleventh house, Jupiter over sixth or eleventh, Rahu over third house — pressure, expansion, sudden order. The native files at the right muhurta (lagna in sixth house of natal chart, Moon in eleventh), engages a competent lawyer (Mercury strong), and persists through delay.
Weakest version: Sixth lord debilitated, combust, in enemy sign, or placed in the twelfth house without vipareeta yoga — the native lacks fighting capacity, evidence disappears, witnesses turn hostile. Eleventh lord in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth but combust, debilitated, or aspected only by malefics — gains promised but lost to legal fees or appeal costs. Saturn debilitated (Aries) in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth — delay becomes denial, judge unfavorable, procedure crushes the case. Rahu in the twelfth house with twelfth lord — secret settlement forced, native signs unfavorable terms under pressure. Jupiter in the sixth house debilitated (Capricorn) or combust — false hope, appeal rejected, higher court upholds loss. Eighth lord in the eleventh with malefic aspect — sudden loss of assets through verdict. Navamsha sixth lord in dusthana, combust, or in Rahu-Ketu axis — fruit rots before harvest. Dasha sequence: twelfth lord mahadasha, sixth lord antardasha, Saturn pratyantardasha — expenditure, defeat, delay. Transit: Saturn over twelfth house, Rahu over sixth house, Jupiter over eighth house — hospitalization, secret enemies, judgment against. The native files in wrong jurisdiction, hires incompetent counsel, misses limitation period, or settles for pennies.
The middle ground — most charts — shows mixed dignity: sixth lord in average sign, eleventh lord moderately placed, Saturn and Rahu in workable houses. Here the outcome depends entirely on dasha-transit precision. A native with sixth lord in the third house (courage) but eleventh lord in the eighth (sudden gains/losses) wins the trial court but loses in appeal if the appeal dasha brings eighth lord activation. Another with sixth lord in the ninth (foreign law) and Saturn in the tenth (government) wins against the state but only after Saturn return (age 29-30) when Saturn transits the eleventh. The lawyer's chart matters — if the lawyer's sixth lord connects to the native's eleventh house, the lawyer delivers; if the lawyer's twelfth lord connects to the native's sixth house, the lawyer leaks strategy. The judge's chart (if known) shows bias — judge's Saturn on native's sixth lord gives strict procedure; judge's Jupiter on native's eleventh lord gives favorable interpretation. No chart is purely "win" or "lose" — the timeline splits the result across forums, appeals, and years.
Timing: when does it happen
The event materialises when the dasha sequence activates the sixth house, its lord, the eighth house, its lord, or the karakas Saturn, Mars, and Rahu in mutual connection. The mahadasha of the sixth lord or eighth lord is the primary window. If the sixth lord sits in the eighth or twelfth, its mahadasha delivers the case itself. If the sixth lord is strong in kendra or trikona, its mahadasha brings the dispute but also the capacity to fight. The antardasha within that mahadasha pinpoints the filing, the hearing, or the judgment. The antardasha of the eighth lord inside the sixth lord mahadasha, or vice versa, marks the acute phase — notice served, evidence submitted, or the final order.
Saturn mahadasha or antardasha is the most consistent timer for litigation. Saturn is the karaka for courts, judges, and procedural delay. When Saturn rules or aspects the sixth, eighth, or twelfth, its periods activate the legal machinery. Saturn transiting the sixth house from Moon or Lagna initiates the dispute. Saturn transiting the eighth house from Moon or Lagna creates pressure, financial strain, or adverse orders. Saturn transiting the twelfth house from Moon or Lagna indicates expenses, lawyer fees, or confinement. The transit of Saturn over natal Saturn (Sade Sati phases) or over the sixth lord, eighth lord, or Rahu coincides with procedural milestones.
Rahu mahadasha or antardasha introduces the case through deception, fraud allegations, or sudden legal notice. Rahu in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth, or Rahu conjunct the sixth lord, makes its periods volatile. Rahu transiting the sixth house from Moon or Lagna triggers the filing. Rahu transiting the twelfth house from Moon or Lagna brings hidden enemies, forged documents, or ex-parte orders. The Rahu-Ketu axis transiting the sixth-twelfth axis from Lagna or Moon is a reliable marker for the case lifecycle — Rahu over sixth begins it, Ketu over twelfth ends it, often with loss or settlement.
Mars mahadasha or antardasha times the aggressive phase — criminal charges, police involvement, property disputes, or physical threat. Mars as sixth lord or eighth lord in its own period produces the confrontation. Mars transiting the sixth house from Moon or Lagna accelerates hearings. Mars transiting the eighth house from Moon or Lagna brings risk of adverse judgment or violence. Mars return (around age 28, 56, 84) often reactivates dormant disputes.
Jupiter transit confirms the outcome. Jupiter transiting the eleventh house from Moon or Lagna during the concluding dasha indicates favourable judgment, settlement gains, or appeal success. Jupiter transiting the sixth house from Moon or Lagna expands the litigation — more parties, more claims, longer duration. Jupiter transiting the twelfth house from Moon or Lagna increases costs without result. The double transit of Saturn and Jupiter — both aspecting the sixth, eighth, eleventh, or Lagna — narrows the judgment window to a few months.
Maturity ages act as secondary triggers. Saturn maturity at 36 often brings the first major legal exposure. Rahu maturity at 42 activates latent disputes, especially property or inheritance. Ketu maturity at 48 can close long-running cases through sudden withdrawal or compromise. Mars maturity at 28 and 56 correlates with property litigation peaks. The dashas running at these ages, if connected to the sixth-eighth-twelfth axis, deliver the result.
What confirms or denies it in the chart
Confirmation requires the sixth lord and eighth lord to be connected — by conjunction, mutual aspect, exchange, or nakshatra linkage. The sixth lord in the eighth, or eighth lord in the sixth, is the classic yoga for litigation. If the twelfth lord joins them, the case involves loss, expenditure, or imprisonment. The karakas must participate: Saturn aspecting or conjunct the sixth lord, eighth lord, or Lagna lord. Mars aspecting the sixth house or sixth lord adds criminal or property dimension. Rahu conjunct the sixth lord or placed in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth adds fraud, forgery, or foreign jurisdiction elements. Mercury afflicted in the sixth or eighth indicates document disputes, contract breach, or intellectual property cases. Sun afflicted in the sixth or eighth brings government cases, tax disputes, or authority conflicts.
The Lagna lord must be strong enough to endure the process. Lagna lord in dusthana (sixth, eighth, twelfth) without benefic support makes the native lose stamina, change lawyers, or settle unfavourably. Lagna lord in kendra or trikona, aspected by Jupiter, gives resilience. The Moon must be unafflicted for mental stability. Moon in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth, or Moon conjunct Saturn, Rahu, or Ketu, produces anxiety, poor decisions, or withdrawal. Moon in paksha bala (bright half) and in kendra from Lagna supports clear testimony and consistent strategy.
The eleventh house and its lord determine the gain. Eleventh lord in the sixth, or sixth lord in the eleventh, creates viparita raja yoga — victory through struggle. Eleventh lord strong in own sign, exaltation, or kendra, aspected by Jupiter, confirms monetary recovery or favourable decree. Eleventh lord combust, debilitated, or in dusthana denies the fruit even if the case is won on paper. The second house and its lord show the cost. Second lord in the sixth or eighth, or afflicted by Saturn-Rahu, means legal fees exceed recovery. Second lord strong and connected to eleventh lord means costs are recovered.
Denial factors: sixth lord and eighth lord unconnected. Sixth lord strong in kendra with benefic aspect and no malefic association — disputes arise but settle quickly or never reach court. Jupiter strong in Lagna, fifth, ninth, or eleventh, aspecting the sixth house — the native avoids litigation through compromise or authority intervention. Saturn exalted in Libra in kendra from Lagna or Moon, unafflicted — delays but fair outcome, often out of court. Venus strong in the seventh or eleventh — settlement through mediation. The absence of Saturn-Rahu-Mars influence on the sixth-eighth axis in both natal and transit charts makes prolonged litigation unlikely.
The divisional chart to check
The Shastiamsa (D-60) is the final arbiter for litigation outcome. The Rasi chart shows the promise; the D-60 shows the karma fructification. In the D-60, examine the sixth house, its lord, and the planets placed there. The D-60 Lagna lord placement determines the native's capacity to sustain the battle. D-60 Lagna lord in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth of D-60 indicates the case drains the native. D-60 Lagna lord in kendra or trikona, aspected by benefics, gives endurance. The D-60 sixth lord in the D-60 eighth or twelfth confirms loss. The D-60 sixth lord in its own sign, exaltation, or in the D-60 eleventh house confirms victory. Saturn in the D-60 sixth, eighth, or twelfth delays judgment. Saturn in the D-60 eleventh or aspecting the D-60 eleventh lord delivers the decree.
The Trimsamsa (D-30) reveals the nature of the suffering and the opponent's strength. D-30 sixth house and its lord show the opponent's capacity. D-30 sixth lord strong and unafflicted means a formidable adversary — government, corporation, or resource-rich party. D-30 sixth lord weak, combust, or in dusthana means a weak opponent who folds under pressure. Mars in D-30 sixth or eighth indicates physical threat or criminal charges. Rahu in D-30 sixth or twelfth indicates deception, perjury, or forged evidence. The D-30 Lagna lord placement shows the native's moral and legal standing. D-30 Lagna lord in the sixth or eighth compromises credibility.
The Dashamsa (D-10) is checked when the case involves career, license, government service, or professional reputation. D-10 sixth house and its lord indicate departmental inquiries, suspension, or license cancellation. D-10 tenth lord afflicted in the sixth, eighth, or twelfth of D-10 confirms professional damage. D-10 tenth lord strong in kendra, aspected by Jupiter, protects status regardless of the court outcome. The D-10 eleventh lord connected to the D-10 sixth lord shows reinstatement or compensation through tribunal.
Compare the Vimshottari dasha lords in Rasi, D-60, D-30, and D-10. The same planet ruling the sixth or eighth in multiple divisions, running its dasha or antardasha, creates a convergent signal — the case reaches judgment in that period. If the dasha lord is benefic in Rasi but malefic in D-60, the native wins the hearing but loses on appeal. If malefic in Rasi but benefic in D-60, the case looks hopeless but ends favourably. The divisional charts do not contradict the Rasi; they time the layers of the result.
Remedies and right action
Remedies in a court case context mean aligning your behaviour with the planetary forces that govern the outcome. Start with the Mahadasha and Antardasha lord. If the Dasha lord is strong and placed in a kendra or trikona, your behaviour should reflect confidence, transparency, and consistency. If the Dasha lord is weak or afflicted, you must compensate through discipline: file all documents on time, avoid confrontational language, and do not rely on last-minute arguments.
The Gochar (transit) period tells you when to act. When Jupiter transits your 6th, 8th, or 12th house, legal matters intensify. During these periods, increase your documentation, keep written records of every interaction, and avoid private meetings with opposing parties. When Saturn transits the 6th or 10th, delays and procedural obstacles are likely. Your behaviour must shift to patience and methodical preparation rather than pressure or shortcuts.
Remedial measures are behavioural first, then ritual. Behaviourally, you must stop speaking about the case publicly, stop trying to influence witnesses informally, and stop making emotional decisions. Ritual measures such as reciting the Surya Siddhanta or performing Shani Shashti Vrata support discipline but do not replace it. The purpose of any remedy is to bring your actions into alignment with what the chart permits.
If the 6th house lord is strong in the Dasha, focus on procedural correctness. File everything through proper channels, pay all fees on time, and maintain clean records. If the 8th house is involved, expect hidden evidence or sudden developments. Your behaviour must include full disclosure to your lawyer and no attempt to conceal information.
When the 10th house and its lord are strong, your public reputation and professional conduct matter. Dress formally for every hearing, arrive early, and treat court staff with respect. If the 10th is weak, avoid drawing attention to yourself. Let your lawyer speak. Do not appear in court unless required.
The key principle is this: remedies work when they change your behaviour to match the planetary configuration. Prayer without action is useless. Action without planetary timing is wasted effort. Combine both.
Common questions
Which dasha predicts winning a court case? The dasha of the 6th, 8th, or 12th house lord, or the dasha of a strong 10th house lord, typically governs legal outcomes. However, the strength of the lord and its placement matter more than which house it rules. A weak 6th lord in an afflicted sign can indicate loss even during its dasha. Always check the lord's strength, dignity, and aspects before drawing conclusions.
Can gochar alone determine a court case result? Transits indicate timing and intensity but cannot override the fundamental strength shown in the birth chart and Dasha. Jupiter or Saturn transiting the 6th, 8th, or 12th house signals legal activity, but the outcome depends on the natal strength of the relevant houses and the running Dasha. Use Gochar to choose when to file, settle, or push forward, not to predict the final verdict.
What if my 6th house is empty in the birth chart? An empty 6th house does not mean you will lose legal cases. The 6th house lord's strength and placement determine the result. If the 6th lord is strong and well-placed, you can win despite the house being empty. The house being empty simply means the energy must be expressed through the lord's position and the Dasha that activates it.
Is it better to file a case during auspicious yogas? Filing during beneficial Dasha and Gochar combinations increases the chance of a favourable outcome, but only if the birth chart supports legal victory. An auspicious yoga cannot compensate for a weak 6th or 10th house in the natal chart. Choose the timing that aligns with both your chart and the planetary periods, not just general election results.
How long does a court case last according to astrology? The duration depends on the Dasha period of the relevant house lord and the strength of the 8th and 12th houses. A strong 8th house can shorten the process through sudden resolution, while a weak 8th can prolong it indefinitely. Saturn's influence typically extends cases beyond normal timeframes. The Antardasha within the main Dasha often marks key turning points.
Can remedies change the outcome of an ongoing case? Remedies can shift the timing or intensity of events but cannot override the fundamental results shown in the birth chart and Dasha. If the chart shows a loss, remedies may help you lose gracefully or settle favourably, but they cannot force a win. The most effective remedy is changing your behaviour to match what the planets allow.
This placement in your chart
Everything above is the general case. Whether your Jupiter in the 1st house is the Yogakaraka version or the afflicted one depends on your ascendant, its degree, its nakshatra, the aspects it receives and the dasha you are running — all of which are computed, not guessed, in a Bhyrav reading. A 30-minute session covers this placement and every question that hangs off it, with dates. Book a reading — ₹999, or if you are an astrologer, see the software that computed this page.